Translation of «AFFIXATION» into Russian

Translation of "AFFIXATION" into Russian Английский

Amazement, Quickly, Impossible, Intergalactic. What do all of these words have in common? The answer is that they all contain affixes. Read on to learn all about affixes in English, the different examples of affixes, and the affixation process.

1. = affixture

Новый большой англо-русский словарь.
.

Смотреть что такое «affixation» в других словарях

сущ.; линг. аффиксация

affixation лингв. аффиксация

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь.
.

1) постановка

2) дополнение, приложение, присоединение

4) нанесение, прикрепление

Универсальный англо-русский словарь.
.
.

The above approval mark affixed to a component shows that the type concerned was approved in the Netherlands (E4) pursuant to Part II of Regulation No 118 under approval number 001234.

The Panel notes that some of these items are likely to have been affixed to the project site and are thus appropriately described as real property, but that other items are more appropriately described as tangible property

The notified body shall affix, or cause to be affixed, its identification number to the instrument the conformity of which to requirements has been established, and shall draw up a written certificate of conformity concerning the tests carried out.

The above approval mark figure # affixed to a vehicle or a VAS shows that the type concerned has been approved in the Netherlands ( # ), pursuant to Regulation No # as amended by the # series of amendments under approval No

Any other marking may be affixed to the instruments provided that the visibility and legibility of the CE markings is not thereby reduced

Many of them had scrolls affixed describing the various wounds they could inflict.

Without prejudice to the requirements for the marking of receptacles and tanks laid down in Directives #/EC and #/EC, receptacles and tanks satisfying the provisions of Article #) and Article #) shall have a mark affixed to them in accordance with Annex IV, Part I. The form of the mark to be used is set out in Annex

The EC mark of conformity and the required supplementary data as described in Annex IV.1 shall be affixed in a clearly visible, easily legible and indelible form

The affixing of the CE marking shall be the responsibility of the manufacturer or his authorised representative established within the Community.

Where no EC type-approval mark is required, the manufacturer shall affix at least his trade name or trade mark, and the type number and/or an identification number

“Electronic signature” means data in electronic form in, affixed to, or logically associated with, a data message, which may be used to identify the person holding the signature creation data in relation to the data message and indicate that person’s approval of the information contained in the data message;

In the case of components and separate technical units, location and method of affixing of the EEC type-approval mark:

Whereas, pursuant to Article #)(b) of Directive #/EEC, a mark should be affixed to packages of fishery products giving the name of the third country and the approval/registration number of the establishment, factory vessel, cold store or freezer vessel of origin

Any other marking may be affixed to a measuring instrument, provided that the visibility and legibility of the CE marking and the supplementary metrology marking is not thereby reduced.

8.24.4.2.1. A plate shall be affixed to each vehicle in a durable and permanent manner and in a visible place.

Customs seals and identification marks affixed by the Customs of departure in the territory of the State of one of the Contracting Parties or by the Customs of a third country should be accepted for the purposes of the transit traffic of goods unless:

Any other marking may be affixed to the machinery provided that the visibility, legibility and meaning of the CE marking is not thereby impaired.

The Commission counters the argument raised by SIAE at the hearing, that the Commission was aware of the obligation to affix the sign owing to notification of Legislative Decree 685/94 as a measure transposing Directive 92/100, by stating that that obligation is not a measure transposing Directive 92/100, because that obligation is not necessary for transposing the directive.

affix an entry stamp on the passport, cancelled by a cross in indelible black ink, and write opposite it on the right-hand side, also in indelible ink, the letter(s) corresponding to the reason(s) for refusing entry, the list of which is given on the abovementioned standard form for refusing entry;

There shall be affixed, conspicuously and in a readily accessible place specified on the approval form, to every vehicle conforming to a vehicle type approved under this Regulation, an international approval mark consisting of

With a view to identifying ATP-approved vehicles carrying perishable foodstuffs, the Contracting Parties may utilize the distinguishing marks affixed to the relevant equipment and the ATP certificate or plate of approval provided for in the Agreement on the International Carriage of Perishable Foodstuffs and the Special Equipment to be used for such Carriage (1970).

The number of T# control copies and equivalent documents for which the seals affixed on departure have been removed other than under customs supervision, or the seals have been broken or the dispensation from sealing under Article # of Regulation (EEC) No #/# has not been granted

Before a product covered by implementing measures is placed on the market and/or put into service, a CE marking shall be affixed and an EC declaration of conformity issued whereby the manufacturer or its authorised representative ensures and declares that the product complies with all relevant provisions of the applicable implementing measure.

THESE DETAILS SHALL BE RECORDED BEFORE THE TRANSPORT OPERATION IS CARRIED OUT AND SHALL BE CONFIRMED BY MEANS OF A STAMP AFFIXED BY THE RAIL AUTHORITIES IN THE STATIONS CONCERNED WHEN THAT PART OF THE JOURNEY CARRIED OUT BY RAIL HAS BEEN COMPLETED .

The CE marking shall also be affixed visibly and legibly to the packaging.

Affixation is the morphological process in by which bound morphemes are attached to a roots or stems to mark changes in meaning, part of speech, or grammatical relationships.  Affixes take on several forms and serve different functions.  In this tutorial, we will be looking specifically at affixation in Standard English.

Affixes

There are those who claim that infixation is also used as an emphasis marker in colloquial English.  This occurs when an expletive is inserted into the internal structure of a word, e.g., un-fricking-believable

Derivational affixes derive new words by altering the definitional meaning or the grammatical category of a word, whereas inflectional affixes show grammatical relationships between words or grammatical contrast.  In English, both prefixes and suffixes can be derivational, but only suffixes can be inflectional.

Читайте также:  Короткие цитаты на английском с переводом: короткие статусы, короткие фразы

Prefixes
Prefixes are abundant in English.  Some are more commonly used (productive) than others.  As mentioned above, prefixes are only used to derive new meaning or part of speech.  Below is a list of those that are more common.

Translation of "AFFIXATION" into Russian

Table 1 Commonly used prefixes in English Click Photo for Large View

Suffixes

Suffixes can either be derivational or inflectional.  Below is a list of common derivational suffixes.

Translation of "AFFIXATION" into Russian

Table 2 Commonly used derivational suffixes in English Click Photo for Large View

In English there are 8 inflectional suffixes.  As you will see, these are limited to showing some type of grammatical function.

Translation of "AFFIXATION" into Russian

Table 3 Inflectional suffixes in English Click Photo for Large View

verb + -en = past participle (freeze + en)
The low temperatures had frozen all the crops.
noun + -en = verb (light + en)
Mary decided to lighten her hair.

Infixes

There is question as to whether the limited usage of infixation in English actually a morphological process since the word being inserted is not itself an infix, as it is free-standing and not a bound morpheme.    Furthermore, there is no resulting derivation or inflection.

Only expletives are used as infixes and in only a limited  number of words.  For example, infixes are only permitted when the expletive is flanked by stress.  This means that only words with initial stress (trochees and not iambs) will be candidates for infixation.
(2) 
un-expletive-believable  but  *unbe-expletive-lievable

Clitics

Clitics are unstressed reduced units of meaning that attached to a limited number of host words.  They generally are not considered a type of affix since they do not meet specific minimal phonological requirements (which will not be discussed here).  Proclitics attach to the beginning of a root, e.g., ‘tis for ‘it is’, ‘dyou for ‘do you’. Enclitics are attached word finally, e.g., what’s for ‘what is’.

Rules of Formation

Although a speaker may generally count on intuition in forming complex words in terms of which affixes may be attached to which roots, underlying rules of word-formation actually account for the process.  Our intuition allows us to attach ‘un-‘ to ‘productive’ but not to ‘fish’.  We can attach the suffix ‘-ly’ to ‘kind’ but not to ‘sky’. 
(3)
un + ‘productive’    but not      *un + ‘fish’
‘kind’ + ly       *’sky’ + ly

This distribution of affixes leads us to believe that there are rules of word-formation to which we intuitively adhere.  So let’s break this down.

Productivity

Certain affixes are more productive than others, meaning that they can be added to a large number of words without obstructing meaning.  An example of a productive suffix in English would be –ness which we regularly use to derive nouns from adjectives.
(4)
adjective + ness = noun
happy     + ness = ‘happiness’

In fact, some affixes are so productive that they can be attached to almost any stem creating nonce words in which meaning is transparent.  Take –ish for example in English. This suffix can be attached to almost any noun or adjective to communicate like –ness.  If a soup broth is not thick, it could be described as ‘thin’-ish and there would be no ambiguity as to this non-word’s meaning.  All listeners would agree on the interpretation of ‘thin’-ish

Unproductive morphemes, on the other hand,  are not frequently used.  An example would be the suffix –th  as in ‘warmth’.
(5)
adjective + –th = noun
‘warm’       + th = ‘warmth’

-th can only be attached to a small number of words.  No English speaker would consider using the word ‘thinth’ to describe soup broth that is not thick.

So back to rules.

As we have seen, there are rules that govern the process of affixation (3).   Furthermore, we know that when specific suffixes are attached to one part of speech, they derive another.

ly will derive an adverb from an adjective.
(6)
adjective + –ly = adverb
‘calm’        + ly = ‘calmly’

We can also use –ly with a limited number of nouns to derive adjectives.
(7)
noun + –ly = adjective
‘matron’ +-ly = ‘matronly’
‘friend’ + –ly = ‘friendly’
‘love’ + –ly = ‘lovely’

However this is not possible with verbs.
(8)
*verb +-ly = adverb/adjective
*’walk’  + –ly = adverb

Thus we can claim:
1. adjective + –ly = adverb
2. noun + –ly = adjective

Let’s look again at ‘-ness‘.  This suffix can be attached to adjectives but not to nouns or verbs.

Let’s look again at –ness.  This suffix can be attached to adjectives but not to nouns or verbs.
(9)
adjective + –ness = noun
‘sweet’ + –ness = ‘sweetness’
‘tender’ + —ness = ‘tenderness’

*noun + ness = noun (or anything)
*‘house’ + —ness = ‘houseness’

*verb + ness = noun (or anything)
*’study’ + –ness = ‘studiness’

Prefixes in English do not generally change the grammatical category of a word, but rather meaning.  Even so, there are still rules as to how they are distributed.

Un-   may combine with adjectives and certain verbs, but not with nouns or adverbs.

(10)
un + ‘friendly’ = ‘unfriendly’
un + ‘do’ = ‘undo’

* un + ‘computer’ = ‘uncomputer’
* un + ‘very’ = ‘unvery’

In addition, to these distributional constraints, we will see that there is an order in which affixes must be combined with roots and stems. For instance, the word ‘unbelievable’ must be built by attaching –able to ‘believe’, deriving ‘believable’, and then add un to derive ‘unbelievable’.  We cannot add un to ‘believe’ and then –able to ‘unbelieve.’  Even though the outcome seems to be the same, the meaning derived from the different rule orderings is not.  This is due to the fact that un- generally attaches to an adjective and not a verb.  That’s why ‘unbelieve’  is not a word to which an affix may be added.

This requirement for an ordered application of affixes is referred to as the hierarchal structure of derived words, which is shown by tree diagrams. These tree structures demonstrate the steps to adding multiple affixes to a root and how each addition may create a new word form. Below is an example of a diagram.

Translation of "AFFIXATION" into Russian

We  see in (11) that the result of attaching un–  to a noun root yields an ungrammatical structure.  Furthermore, we cannot add –y to a noun.  This derivation fails. However we see in (12) that when -y is attached to a noun, it yields an adjective.  Now un– can be attached to an adjective.  This derivation results in a grammatical structure.

Translation of "AFFIXATION" into Russian

Constructions such as (11 and 12) demonstrate an unambiguous word-formation.  This means that the ordering of affixes is clear.  There are, however, morphologically complex words in which two orders are possible with meaning being dependent upon the ordering.  In (13),  the first construction shows –able attaching to the verb root, resulting in the adjective ‘lockable’ to which un– is added, deriving an adjective with the opposite meaning: ‘not capable of being locked’.  In the second diagram un– is first added to the verb root resulting in the verb ‘unlock’ to which –able can be attached resulting in an adjective meaning ‘capable of being unlocked’.   The formation of the morphologically complex word ‘unlockable’ is ambiguous since both orderings of affixes result in a grammatical structure.

Читайте также:  The urals или urals

Translation of "AFFIXATION" into Russian

As you can see, it is crucial to be well-acquainted with the parts of speech and rules of formation.  For practice, visit our self-correcting morphology exercises.

Back to Morphology Tutorials

прикрепление, аффиксация, присоединение — самые популярные переводы слова «affixation» на русский.
Пример переведенного предложения: The Panel notes that some of these items are likely to have been affixed to the project site and are thus appropriately described as real property, but that other items are more appropriately described as tangible property ↔ Группа отмечает, что некоторые из этих элементов скорее всего были закреплены за строительной площадкой и потому отнесены к недвижимости, однако другие предметы более уместно характеризуются как имущество

Приведенный выше на рис # знак официального утверждения, проставленный на транспортном средстве или СОСТС, указывает, что соответствующий тип официально утвержден в Нидерландах ( # ) на основании Правил No # с поправками серии # под номером официального утверждения

8.24.4.2.1 На каждом транспортном средстве на видном месте прочно закрепляется несъемная табличка.

Таможенные печати и пломбы и опознавательные знаки таможни места отправления на территории государства одной из Договаривающихся сторон или таможни третьей страны должны признаваться для целей транзитных перевозок грузов, за исключением случаев, когда:

Если сгруппированные, комбинированные или совмещенные огни отвечают положениям нескольких правил, то может наноситься единый международный знак официального утверждения, состоящий из круга, в котором проставлена буква «Е» и за которым следует отличительный номер страны, предоставившей официальное утверждение, и номера официального утверждения.

«»»It would be my great privilege to affix my signature to these books for you young lads!»

— Для меня будет большой честью поставить автограф для юных читателей!

4.5. There shall be affixed to every vehicle conforming to a vehicle type approved under this Regulation, conspicuously and in a readily accessible place specified on the approval form, an international approval mark consisting of: 4.5.1.

4.5 На каждом транспортном средстве, соответствующем типу транспортного средства, официально утвержденному на основании настоящих Правил, на видном и в легко доступном месте, указанном в карточке официального утверждения, проставляют международный знак официального утверждения, состоящий из:

Where grouped, combined or reciprocally incorporated lamps satisfy the requirements of more than one Regulation, a single international approval mark may be affixed provided that each of the grouped, combined or reciprocally incorporated lamps satisfies the provisions applicable to it

Если сгруппированные, комбинированные или совмещенные огни отвечают предписаниям более чем одних правил, то может проставляться один международный знак официального утверждения при условии, что каждый из этих сгруппированных, комбинированных или совмещенных огней соответствует относящимся к ним предписаниям

Делящийся материал класса

The above approval mark affixed to a vehicle shows that the vehicle type concerned, intended for the transport of dangerous goods, has been approved in the Netherlands (E 4), pursuant to Regulation No. 105, under the approval number 062492 and designated EX/II (according to paragraph 9.1.1.2. of Annex B to the ADR).

Приведенный выше знак официального утверждения, проставленный на транспортном средстве, указывает на то, что соответствующий тип транспортного средства, предназначенного для перевозки опасных грузов, официально утвержден в Нидерландах (E4) на основании Правил No105 под номером официального утверждения 062492 и обозначен как EX/II (в соответствии с пунктом 9.1.1.2 приложения B к ДОПОГ).

In the case of a vehicle, the approval mark shall be placed close to or on the vehicle data plate affixed by the manufacturer.

В случае транспортного средства знак официального утверждения помещается рядом с прикрепляемой изготовителем табличкой, на которой приводятся характеристики транспортного средства, или на этой табличке.

The inspection body shall affix or delegate the manufacturer to affix the pressure receptacle certification marking and the registered mark of the inspection body to each approved pressure receptacle

Проверяющий орган наносит или поручает изготовителю нанести сертификационную маркировку сосуда под давлением и регистрационный знак проверяющего органа на каждый утвержденный сосуд под давлением

Location of statutory plates and inscriptions and method of affixing

Расположение предписанных табличек и надписей и метод крепления

The planets were imagined to go around the Earth affixed to perfect transparent spheres.

Считалось, что планеты движутся вокруг Земли, будучи прикреплены к идеальным прозрачным сферам.

he words “liquefied gas” and “no naked lights or fires and no smoking” symbol at least # mm in diameter in accordance with sketch # of appendix # shall be affixed to the outer wall of the cupboard

На наружной стенке шкафа должны быть нанесены надпись «Сжиженный газ» и пиктограмма «Огнеопасно, не курить» в соответствии с рис # приложения # диаметром не менее # мм

2.4.3. To every filament light source conforming to a type approved under this Regulation there shall be affixed in the space referred to in paragraph 2.3.1.5., in addition to the inscriptions required under paragraph 2.3.1., an international approval mark consisting of:

2.4.3 Помимо маркировки, предписанной в пункте 2.3.1, на каждом источнике света с нитью накала, соответствующем типу, официально утвержденному на основании настоящих Правил, проставляют в указанном в пункте 2.3.1.5 месте международный знак официального утверждения, состоящий:

The above approval mark affixed to a vehicle shows that the vehicle type concerned has been approved in the United Kingdom (E 11) pursuant to Regulations Nos. 13 and 24.

Приведенный выше знак официального утверждения, проставленный на транспортном средстве, указывает, что этот тип транспортного средства был официально утвержден в Соединенном Королевстве (E 11) на основании правил No 13 и 241.

In the case of components and separate technical units, location and method of affixing of the approval mark:

В случае компонентов и отдельных технических узлов − местоположение и способ проставления знака официального утверждения:

. The symbol shall be affixed in a visible position in indelible form within 100 mm of the filling ports of the fluid reservoirs; additional information may be provided by the manufacturer.

Этот нестираемый знак наносится на резервуаре для жидкостей на видном месте на расстоянии 100 мм от отверстия для заполнения; изготовитель может указывать дополнительную информацию.

Реализация подлежащих маркировке товаров без наличия на них марок акцизного сбора на территории России запрещена с 1 января 1995 года.

Местонахождение и метод нанесения маркировки официального утверждения:

The carrying transport unit need not be marked, except when the marking affixed to the containers is not visible from outside this carrying transport unit.

Читайте также:  Can not сокращенно

Перевозящая контейнеры транспортная единица необязательно должна иметь маркировку, за исключением тех случаев, когда маркировка, размещенная на контейнерах, не видна снаружи перевозящей их транспортной единицы.

Translation of «AFFIXATION» into Russian

прикрепление, аффиксация, присоединение are the top translations of «AFFIXATION» into Russian.
Sample translated sentence: The Panel notes that some of these items are likely to have been affixed to the project site and are thus appropriately described as real property, but that other items are more appropriately described as tangible property ↔ Группа отмечает, что некоторые из этих элементов скорее всего были закреплены за строительной площадкой и потому отнесены к недвижимости, однако другие предметы более уместно характеризуются как имущество

Types of Affixation

To begin, let’s look at the different types of affixes that we can add to a base word. The two main types of affixation are suffixes and prefixes, and the third, less common, are circumfixes. We have compiled some examples of affixation and their types for you to check out below!

Prefixes

Prefixes are affixes that go at the beginning of a base word. Prefixes are very common in the English language, and thousands of English words contain a prefix. Common English prefixes include in-, im-, un-, non-, and re-.

Prefixes are commonly used to make based words negative/positive (e.g., unhelpful) and to express relations of time (e.g., prehistoric), manner (e.g., underdeveloped), and place (e.g., extraterrestrial).

Here are some common English words with prefixes:

  • impolite
  • autobiography
  • hyperactive
  • irregular
  • midnight
  • outrun
  • semicircle

A more complete list of all English prefixes can be found towards the end of this explanation!

Prefixes and Hyphens (-)

  • If the prefixed word can easily be confused with another existing word, e.g., re-pair and repair (to pair again and to fix something)
  • If the prefix ends in a vowel and the base word begins with a vowel, e.g., anti-intellectual
  • If the base word is a proper noun and should be capitalized, e.g., un-American
  • When using dates and numbers, e.g., mid-century, pre-1940s

Whereas prefixes go at the beginning of a base word, suffixes go at the end. Common suffixes include -full, -less, -ed, -ing, -s, and -en.

When we add suffixes to base words, the affixation process is either derivational or inflectional. So, what exactly does that mean?

When the word’s meaning or the word class (e.g., noun, adjective, verb, etc.) completely changes, the process is derivational. For example, adding ‘-er’ to the end of the based word ‘teach’ changes the verb (teach) to a noun (teacher).

Derivational affixes are one the most common ways new words are formed in English!

Some examples of words with derivational suffixes include:

  • laughable (changes the verb laugh to an adjective)
  • joyous (changes the abstract noun joy to an adjective)
  • quickly (changes the adjective quick to an adverb)

Fig. 2 — Suffixes can change word classes, such as a verb to a noun

On the other hand, inflectional suffixes show a grammatical change within a word class — this means the word class always remains the same. For example, adding the suffix ‘-ed’ to the verb ‘talk’ to create the verb ‘talked’ shows us that the action happened in the past.

Some example words with inflectional suffixes include:

  • walking (shows the progressive aspect)
  • shoes (shows plurality)
  • likes (shows 3rd person singular, e.g., he likes coffee)
  • taller (a comparative adjective)
  • tallest (a superlative adjective)
  • eaten (shows the perfect aspect)

Circumfixes

In affixation, circumfixes are less common than prefixes and affixes and typically involve adding affixes to both the beginning and the end of a base word.

  • enlighten
  • unattainable
  • incorrectly
  • inappropriateness

Affixation — Key Takeaways

  • Affixation is a morphological process, meaning letters (affixes) are added to a base word to form a new word.
  • Affixes are a type of bound morpheme — this means they cannot stand alone and must appear alongside a base word to get their meaning.
  • The main types of affixes are prefixes, suffixes, and circumfixes.
  • Prefixes go at the beginning of a base word, suffixes go at the end, and circumfixes go at the beginning and the end.
  • Suffixes can be either derivational (meaning they create a new word class) or inflectional (meaning they express grammatical function).

Rules for Affixation

There aren’t any rules for which words can go through the affixation process. Language is an ever-evolving and developing thing created by the people, and, as we previously mentioned, adding affixes is one of the most common ways new words enter the English dictionary.

However, there are few rules regarding the affixation process. Let’s take a look at some examples of affixation rules now.

The Affixation Process

  • Double the final constant when it comes after and before a vowel, e.g., running, hopped, funny.
  • Drop the ‘e’ at the end of the base word if the suffix begins with a vowel, e.g., closable, using, adorable

The most common way to show the plurality of nouns is to add the suffix ‘-s’; however, we add ‘-es’ when the base word ends in -s, -ss, -z, -ch, -sh, and -x, e.g., foxes, buses, lunches.

Why not have a go at affixation yourself? You never know; your new word could end up in The Oxford English Dictionary one day.

Examples of Affixation

Here are several useful tables outlining examples of affixation, with some of English’s most common prefixes and suffixes:

Derivational Suffixes Forming Nouns

Derivational Suffixes Forming Adjectives

Derivational Suffixes Forming Adverbs

Derivational Suffixes Forming verbs

Affixation Linguistics Definition

What is the definition of affixation? We see the meaning of affixation as a morphological process whereby a group of letters (the affix) is attached to a base or root word to form a new word. Sometimes the new word takes on a whole new meaning, and sometimes it simply gives us more grammatical information.

For example, adding the affix ‘-s’ to the end of the word ‘apple’ tells us there is more than one apple.

Morphological process — Changing or adding to a root word to create a more suitable word for the context.

Affixes are a type of bound morpheme — this means they cannot stand alone and must appear alongside a base word to get their meaning. Take a look at an example of affixes below:

On its own, the affix ‘-ing’ doesn’t really mean anything. However, placing it at the end of a base word, such as ‘walk’ to create the word ‘walking,’ lets us know that the action is progressive (ongoing).

Understanding the meaning and usage of affixes can help us ‘decipher’ the meaning of unknown words.

There are three types of affixes: prefixes, suffixes, and circumfixes. Let’s take a closer look at these now.

Fig. 1 — Affixes are added to base words to form new words.

Оцените статью