13. The use of articles with the names of meals - Учим английский

1. Names of
seasons (spring,
summer, autumn, winter) and
parts of the day (day,
night, morning, evening, noon, afternoon, dawn, sunrise, sunset and
the like) take
no article when used predicatively: It
was summer
/ autumn/ morning/ evening/ night.

No article
is used when such nouns are modified by the adjectives early,
late, broad, high which
do not describe any season or part of the day but indicate the time
more precisely:

It was
early
morning / spring.

It was
late
evening / autumn.

2. When the names of seasons
and parts of the day are modified by a descriptive attribute, they
are used with the indefinite article:

It was a
fine clear morning.

It was a
foggy evening
in November.

He
returned on a
bright January morning.

3. The definite article is
found with names of seasons and parts of the day in specific use,
i.e. when some particular day, high summer or spring is meant.
Identification is achieved by means of:

I shall
not forget the
evening
I spent with him.

By the
summer
of 1943 Penny felt as though the war had been going on for ever.

In all these sentences the
nouns in question have a limiting modifier.

b)
Situation of utterance:

The
day
was hot and muggy.

The
night
was warm and beautifully still.

She went
to Scotland for the
summer.

4. The use
of articles with names of seasons seems to be optional in combination
with such verbs as: to
come, to approach, to fall, to set in, to break and
some other phrases. In such instances reference can be made to
particular season (specific use) or to any season in general (generic
use):

Night
/ morning
came at last.

Day /
dawn
was breaking when we set out.

Night
/ twilight
was falling quickly.

5. Note the
use of articles in some prepositional phrases:
in
the morning, in the evening, in the daytime, in the afternoon, in the
night, at night, at dawn, before dawn, after sunset, from morning to
night, early in the morning, late in night, all through the day, day
after day, night after night, through the autumn, for the winter,
during the summer.

English Lesson: Articles with Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner

The nouns we use for meals (breakfast, brunch, lunch, dinner, and supper) sometimes take an article, and sometimes don’t. Do you know the rules? Have a look at the paragraph above and then check today’s lesson:

When breakfast, brunch, lunch, dinner, and supper are used to refer to our everyday meals, they is no article.

I can skip lunch, but I need to have breakfast each morning.
Paul invited me to have brunch at his house on Sunday.
What do you usually have dinner?

When breakfast, brunch, lunch, dinner, and supper are used to refer to special events, or set meals at restaurants, then you need to use an article with them.

The breakfast at the hotel includes juice, coffee, unlimited buffet, and dessert.
Lori said the Sunday brunch at the Plaza is amazing.
I was invited to a dinner for Jack’s retirement.

Which is your favorite meal of the day? What do you like to eat for breakfast? What time do you usually eat dinner?
Keep in mind the best way to remember this or any vocabulary in English is to take the word or phrase write it in a sentence that’s true for you or true in your world and then memorize your sentences.

You can even take your sentences and write them in the comments below. I would love to see your examples. And if you really want help with vocabulary, sign up for my free vocabulary workshop (see below).

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Comments
Articles with the Nouns school, college, prison, jail, church, hospital
Артикли с названиями еды
Articles with Names of Meals

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Comments

— Hello, boys and girls! My name is Martin
Green. This is James Wilson.

— And my name is Nathaniel Fleming.

— Welcome to our grammar lesson!

— Today we would like to tell you one
interesting story.

— Last weekend we decided to go to the woods
near the river.

— We wanted to pick mushrooms.

— The three of us really like eating them.

— Yeah! Mushrooms are so delicious.

— When we came to the woods, we saw two
boys.

— They were talking about something.

— Let’s listen to their conversation and
you’ll find out the topic of our lesson today.

— David, we need to hurry! The dinner is
always at 6 p.m.

— So what, Dylan?

— Are you serious? David, did you hear what
our mum had said earlier?

— Well, it seems like you didn’t. She told
us to return by the dinner.

— Yes. So, please, hurry up. We have only
one hour left to pick two baskets of mushrooms or our mum will be angry with
us.

— Oh, yeah, you’re right! I’ll do my best.

As you can
understand, today in the lesson we will:

·
talk about
articles with the nouns “breakfast”, “brunch”, “lunch”, “dinner”, “supper”,
“tea”;

·
put the knowledge
into practice.

— We were shocked to hear their
conversation!

— The boys used articles where we don’t need
to use them.

— Of course, we decided not to tell them
about that, but we would like to tell you about this rule.

— Let’s start our lesson.

— First of all, we’ll revise the definition
of the term “articles”.

— After that we will tell you about the
types of articles.

Articles are the words that define a noun as
specific or unspecific.

There are two
types of articles: definite and indefinite.

The definite
article is
the word the.

For example: the
window, the sky.

The indefinite
article has
two forms: a and an.

For example: a
dog, an author.

— We’ve told you about the types of
articles.

— But as we have already said, today we will
talk about articles with the nouns “breakfast”, “brunch”, “lunch”, “dinner”,
“supper”, “tea” in detail.

— James, Nathaniel and I will tell you when
we need to use articles with these words and when we don’t.

1. When the words
“breakfast”, “brunch”, “lunch”, “dinner”, “supper” and “tea” are used to refer
to our everyday meals, we don’t need to use articles with them.

·
To have breakfast,
lunch, dinner, etc.

·
To take breakfast,
lunch, dinner, etc.

·
To prepare or make
tea

·
To serve dinner

·
To cook breakfast,
lunch, dinner, etc.

·
To go to dinner

·
To be at lunch

·
To return by
dinner, supper, etc.

·
Before or after
breakfast, dinner, supper, etc.

Let’s look at the
example:

— Hello, Robert.

— Hello, Kyle. I’m so glad you came over.
Let’s have dinner together.

— Oh, I would love to have dinner with you!
Do you need any help?

— No, don’t worry. Our maid will cook and
serve dinner for us.

— What about your kids? Will they come?

— Yes, of course. Paul and Larry are at work
now, but they promised to return by dinner.

— Oh, great!

— Yeah! I think so too. And Kyle, would you
like to go for a walk after dinner?

— Sure, with a great pleasure!

— Hello, guys.

— Hello, Julian.

— Guys, what are you eating?

— We are eating the lunch that my mum has
cooked for us.

— Oh, I see, it looks so delicious.

— Yeah, it is very delicious. Do you want
some?

— Sure, thank you.

In this example we
used the article “the” with the word “lunch”, because we have a descriptive
phrase “that my mum has cooked for us”.

3. When we mean a
particular meal, we need to use the article “the” with the words “breakfast”,
“brunch”, “lunch”, “dinner”, “supper” and “tea”. We make clear that we are
talking about a particular meal by the context or situation.

— George, thank you so much for the great
evening.

— You’re welcome, Alex! Thanks for coming.

— Oh, by the way, I wanted to tell you that
the dinner was so tasty.

— Really? Are you serious?

— Yes, I am!

— Oh, I’m so happy to hear that! All right!
See you, Alex.

— See you, George.

It’s clear from
this situation that we are talking about a particular meal.

4. We need to use
the indefinite article “a” or “an” with the nouns “breakfast”, “brunch”,
“lunch”, “dinner”, “supper” and “tea” when they are modified by a descriptive
word. This word is used in front of the nouns.

— Hi, Marcus. How did your meeting with
Phillis go?

— Really? Why?

— Oh, she thought that I would take her to
some expensive restaurant and order an expensive dinner. As a result, she was
really disappointed.

— Oh my God! What kind of woman is she?

— I don’t know, Dylan. She just really loves
money, so I won’t go on a date with her ever again.

— Oh, Marcus. This is a wonderful decision!

As you can see, in
this example we used two descriptive words “modest” and “expensive” in front of
the word “dinner”. That’s why we chose the indefinite article.

5. When the words
“breakfast”, “brunch”, “lunch”, “dinner”, “supper” and “tea” are used to refer
to special events, or set meals at restaurants, we need to use an article with
them.

— This is your room, sir. If you need
anything else, just tell me, please.

— Okay, thank you. Oh, what about breakfast?

— Breakfast is usually served from 8 a.m. to
11 a.m.

— Oh, I see. The breakfast at the hotel
includes juice, coffee, eggs and dessert.

— Great! I just love eating eggs. Thank you
so much for your help.

— No problem, sir.

— We’ve told you when we need to use
articles with the words “breakfast”, “brunch”, “lunch”, “dinner”, “supper” and
“tea” and when we don’t.

— Now let’s put the knowledge into practice.

Put the sentences
into the right column.

In the first
column you need to put the sentences where it’s necessary to use article “a”.
In the second column – article “an”, in the third – article “the” and in the
fourth – zero article.

1. Barbara said
that the dinner at the Plaza was amazing.

2. Tomorrow supper
will be at 9 p.m.

3. I would like to
drink a hot tea, please.

4. Thank you,
Beverly! It was an amazing dinner.

5. The breakfast
that Ian cooked for me yesterday was delicious.

6. Wendy was
invited to a wonderful dinner by George.

7. We ordered an
expensive lunch last Friday.

8. Gloria invited
me to have lunch at her place on Saturday.

9. Sarah, it was a
modest brunch, but so tasty.

10. Mrs. Donovan,
supper is always ready at this time!

11. Many famous
people were invited to the dinner in the White House.

12. This
café is a perfect place for an afternoon tea.

And the last four
sentences.

13. Oh, Frank! It
was an amazing lunch.

14. Kate needs to
eat breakfast each morning, because it gives her energy for the whole day.

15. The breakfast
at the hostel includes tea, coffee, sandwiches and eggs.

16. Let’s go to
the kitchen and cook a wonderful dinner for us.

— Guys, now you know when we need to use the
definite article “the” with the nouns “breakfast”, “brunch”, “lunch”, “dinner”,
“supper” and “tea”.

— You also know when we need to use
indefinite article and zero article with them.

— We hope the lesson was interesting and
useful for you.

— That’s all for today, our dear friends.

— See you soon, boys and girls.

The definite article is used:

if the context or the situation makes the noun clear.

Open the door. Go to the kitchen.

The flowers were splendid! I liked the present a lot.

by ordinal numerals, by the superlative degree of adjectives.

You are the man we are looking for. We got into the wrong train.

He is the only person for the position.

The second performance was a sensational success.

if the noun was already mentioned.

The three little kittens they found the mittens.

with unique objects or notions. They are: the sun, the moon, the earth, the world, the universe, the horizon, the equator, the south, the north, the west, the east, the globe, the Milky

Way, the Cosmos, the hemisphere.

The moon moves round the earth. He sailed round the world.

But if these nouns are preceded by descriptive attributes the indefinite article may be used.

We all hope to see a better world. The sun shone in an unclouded sky. I was guided by a full moon.

with an adverbial modifier of place to identify the exact place.

Jane is in the garden (at the cinema, on the beach, at the door, in the lift, in the South, all over the country).

The indefinite article is also possible.

He was born in a village in the North of Ireland. The train stopped at a small station.

in a number of idioms like:

to make the best of something, to be in the know, to read between the lines, in the light of something, to be on the safe side, if the worst comes to the worst, the long and the short of it.

THE GENERIC USE OF THE DEFINITE ARTICLE

1. A singular countable noun with the definite article may represent a whole class of objects, thus becoming the symbol of that class, the image of it. We mainly find here names of animals, plants, professions and occupations, collective nouns denoting social groups. Grammar terms are also often used generically.

The ant is industrious.

The violet is a lovely flower.

The true botanist knows a tree as soon as he sees it.

The article is a word specifying the noun.

Sometimes it is possible to use the indefinite article to denote any representative of the class.

• A violet is a lovely flower. A dog is a good friend.

But the indefinite article is not permissible when invention, genre, a phenomenon is meant.

The telephone was invented by Bell.

The topic of our lesson today will be the verb.

The tragedy and the comedy first appeared in Greece.

The nouns MAN, WOMAN, CHILD used in a generic sense, take no article.

Now I know what man is capable of.

Man needs something for the sake of which to live. Man, woman, child — these are eternal notions.

Articles with the Names of Meals

To this group of nouns belong: breakfast, brunch, lunch, dinner, supper, tea.

1. When these nouns are used in their abstract meaning denoting a process of taking food, or are associated with time, they are used with out any article:

to have (take, prepare, serve, cook) dinner, breakfast, lunch, supper;

to go to dinner, to be at dinner (lunch); to return by (before, after) supper;

Lunch is at two p.m. Dinner is ready (served, laid). We’ll discuss it after tea. I’ll have a meeting before lunch.

The indefinite article is used when names of meals are modified by descriptive

You can get a hot supper here. We had a late breakfast. It’s not a very fancy lunch, I’m afraid.

The definite article is found with names of meals if there is a situation, a context, a

restrictive attribute, or if the food itself is meant.

The dinner you cooked was marvelous. How much did you pay for the supper?

I must go to the kitchen and have a look at the dinner.

4. Sometimes names of meals become countable nouns denoting: a) (both articles may be used):

We had a dinner last night. Many celebrities came to the dinner. They met at an official lunch.

Have you received the invitation to the dinner?

b) (the indefinite article expresses oneness):

I have not enough money to buy a supper. A set-dinner is rather cheap.

The Use of Articles with Material Nouns

1. Material uncountable nouns used in a general sense take no article and have no plural form.

Food is something we cannot do without. There is cold juice in the jug.

The definite article is used if the noun is clear from the situation

or the context or if there is some limitation.

The food she cooked was uneatable. The bread is on the table.

Wasn’t the cake delicious?

tea, whisky, wine, wood.

— Which wines are produced in this region? — A dry red wine and a rose. My Granny makes a very fine jam. She makes four jams every year.

Want a beer? — Two teas, please.

There are four soups on the menu today.

The Use of Articles with Uncountable Abstract Nouns

Uncountable abstract nouns used in a general sense take no article.

• When in distress people look for friendship.

I’ve come to you for help. Love isn’t measured by words.

Uncountable nouns may become countable if they denote or

of the notion which they denote.

A dull anger rose in his chest. A strange fear overcame me. Your fears are ungrounded.

3. No article is used if abstract nouns are modified by such attributes as modern, English, French, real, authentic, symbolic, Soviet, proletarian, medieval, ancient, contemporary.

• French poetry, modern art, contemporary science, authentic literature

The definite article is used if there is a limiting attribute.

The French poetry of the 19th century. the Russian art of that period

4. Some uncountable nouns are never used with the indefinite article. They are mostly nouns of verbal character denoting actions, activi-

ty, processes, such as: information, news, advice, progress, work, weather, money, assistance, permission. They never take the indefinite article and agree with the verb only in the singular.

There is big money in this business.

5. In the set-phrase in all weathers the noun is in the plural.

• She works in her garden in all weathers.

Mind that in Modern English the plural form is widely used in the meaning of средства финансирования, различные виды валют.

What monies circulate in this country? The project received community monies.

Many people wonder where public monies go.

The Use of Articles with Nouns Denoting Parts of the Day and Seasons

This group includes the nouns: day, night, morning, evening, noon, afternoon, midnight, dawn, dusk, twilight, sunrise, sunset, daytime, nightfall, winter, spring, summer autumn.

1.These nouns are very often treated as abstract nouns. No article is used with reference to parts of the day or of the year, light or darkness, as in:

Day broke. Evening came. Night fell. Winter set in. If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind? Winter eats what summer provides.

When these nouns have a descriptive attribute the indefinite article is used:

We were having tea in my room on a cold January afternoon.

But no article is used if these nouns are modified by such adjectives as early, late, real,

• It was high noon. It was broad day. It was early spring (late autumn, etc.)

3. The definite article may occur with such words if they are clear from the situation, or

context, or if there is some limitation.

• We watched the sunrise from the balcony.

The evening was calm. The winter is severe this year. It happened on the morning of April 12th.

4. In some prepositional phrases either the definite article or no article may be found.

in the morning, in the evening, in the daytime, in the afternoon, in the night, in the winter

b) no article is used with these nouns after the prepositions at, by, about, past, before,

after, towards, till (until):

• at night, at dawn, by day, by night, by noon, by midnight, past noon, after sun set, till morning

all day (long), ail night (through); day after day; day in, day out; from morning till night; (to work) day and night; in the dead of night; in the dead of winter.

But we say: all through the night all through the day.

The Use of Articles with Geographic(al) Names

1. Names of continents, countries, regions, cities, towns, villages are as a rule used without any article.

• Europe, France, California, Rome, Yalta, Sosnovka

No article is used either when these nouns have such attributes as

ancient, old, central.

• Central America, South-East Asia, old England, ancient Rome

Some of these nouns are traditionally used with the definite article, for example:

the USA, the Netherlands, (the) Sudan;

the Crimea, the Caucasus, the Ruhr, the Transvaal, the

Antarctic, the Midlands, the Lake District;

the Wall Street, the Strand, the Mall.

and are generally used without any article.

Oxford Street, Hyde Park, Trafalgar Square, Manez Square.

oceans, seas, channels, canals, falls, rivers lakes usually take the

the Pacific (ocean), the Adriatic (sea), the English Channel, the Panama Canal, (the) Niagara Falls, the Volga, the Baikal, the Ontario, the Moskva-River, the River Thames

When names of lakes are preceded by the noun (which is often the case), no article is used.

Lake Baikal, Lake Ontario, Lake Оmо

and groups of islands are used with the definite article.

the Alps, the Urals, the Philippines, the Bermuda Triangle

separate mountain peaks and are used without any article.

Elbrus, Everest, Cuba, Madagascar, Barbados, Bermuda

6. Names of generally take the definite article.

• the Sahara, the Gobi, the Kara-Kum, the Kalahari

7. Geographic names that generally don’t take any article may be used: a) with the definite article when there is a limiting attribute:

• In ‘Ivanhoe’ Walter Scott described the England of the Middle Ages.

b) with the indefinite article when there is a descriptive attribute:

• It was a new Russia that he found on his return.

8. The definite article is used in the combinations of the type:

the city of New York, the Cape of Good Hope, the Lake of Geneva, the village of Dubrovo

The Use of Articles with Proper Names

There is no article with names of and

Moscow University, Oxford University, Trinity College.

theatres, museums, picture galleries, concert halls, cinemas, clubs

are used with the definite article:

the Bolshoi Theatre, the Opera House, the British Museum, the National Gallery, the Forum, the Continental Hotel.

and are used with the definite article:

the Titanic, the Sedov.

are generally used with the definite article:

the Times, the Observer, the Financial Times, the Sun.

Names of as a rule take no article (though it is possible):

Times, House Beautiful, Punch, the Spectator.

and days of the week are usually used without any article:

January, February, Monday, Tuesday.

We met on Friday. (Мы встретились в пятницу (прошлую)).

We met on a Friday. (Мы встретились в одну из пятниц).

the Navy, the Army, the Liberal Party, the London City Council. Parliament, Congress.

are used without any article unless the noun is mentioned:

English, French, Japanese.

the English (French, Japanese) language.

The Use of Articles with Names of Persons

Generally no article is used with names of persons as they point out individuals:

Tom, Mary, Mrs. Wilson, Mr. Robinson, Ms. Loveday.

No article is used either if names of persons are modified by such descriptive attributes as little, old, dear, poor, honest, with which they form close units:

Lucky Jim, Old Jolyon, Poor Smith, Dear Old Emily.

We find no article with the names of members of a family (Mother, Father, Aunt, Uncle, Baby, Cook, Nurse, Grandmother) when they are treated as proper names by the members of the family. In this case such nouns are usually written with a capital letter:

Mother is still resting. Is Nurse back?

There is no article with nouns in direct address:

— How is my wife, doctor? — Don’t worry, sir, she’s fine. Well, young man, how are things?

The definite article is used with a name in the plural to indicate the whole family:

the Forsytes, the Dobsons, the Peacocks.

The indefinite article is used to indicate one member of a family or a certain person having the name in question:

She was a true Dobson. A Mr. Parker to see you.

Sometimes names of persons change their meaning and become common countable nouns if:

a) the name of a scientist, a painter, inventor manufacturer is used to denote his work:

a Webster, a Goya, a Ford, a Faberge.

b) the characteristic qualities of the bearer of the name (but not the person himself) are meant:

This fellow’s really a Jack-of all trades. Mozart was called the Raphael of music.

Articles with Nouns in Apposition

1. As a rule, a countable noun in the singular in the function of an apposition takes the indefinite article (its classifying meaning is strongly felt in this case).

‘I’m sure you know Mr. Hard, a professor at McGill,’ she reminded. My friend, a student, joined the club.

The definite article is used with a noun in apposition when:

a) it refers to a well-known person:

• Pushkin, the great Russian poet, was very fond of autumn. b) it has a limiting attribute or is clear from the situation:

He had left his hat on the table, the tall hat, in which he always went to church.

It’s Mr. Hooks, the newspaper editor, he wants to see you.

If the apposition precedes the proper name it takes the definite article.

The painter Turner, the composer Britten, the student Ognev.

Nouns in apposition may be used without any article if they denote a position, rank, state, post or which is, as a rule, unique, and can be occupied by only one person at a time. Here belong such nouns as: head, rector, director, dean, manager, chief, principal etc.

The noun in this case usually has an ‘of-phrase’ attribute:

Mr. Jackson, superintendant of the school, was an old man. Mr. Dodson, director of the theatre, was an actor as well.

But we use the article to denote a person himself:

Prime-Minister made an announcement yesterday. The Dean has come. The president is in Texas now.

Doctor Smith, Professor Jones, Colonel Pickering, Queen Elisabeth, King John, Sir William, Admiral Nelson.

Articles with the Nouns bed, school, town, college, hospital, jail, market, table

1. There are a number of countable nouns in English which are often used without any article, as they change their meanings and become uncountable and denote process rather than a concrete thing:

to go to school — to be in full-time education,

to be in hospital — to be a patient, i. e., you are there because you are ill, to send someone to prison — to imprison a person for doing something wrong, to go to bed — to go to sleep,

to go to church — to go to pray,

to be at table — to have some meal,

to be at the table — to study, to write or to read.

He was sent to prison for five years(he was a prisoner)

She went to the prison to visit him. (she went into the building)

used in prepositional phrases, doesn’t take any article when it denotes the nearest big centre of population as opposed to (also when the town we live in

I’ll be out of town next week. We had lunch in town. In winter we prefer to live in town, not in the country.

3. Either article can be used with these nouns when they denote concrete objects (buildings).

There is a new hospital in the town, not far from the church. Let’s put the coffee table opposite the bed.

The Use of Articles in /n-phrases

1. A countable noun in the singular generally takes the indefinite article in adverbial and attributive phrases, introduced by the words:

in a hurry in a whisper

in a loud (low) voice in loud voices

with a look (nod, smile, yawn)

She swims like a fish. She sings like a bird.

He works like a demon. He sleeps like a log.

It seems like a dream.

They behave like children.

She was as happy as a lark. She was as pretty as a calendar picture. He was as busy as a bee. It was as light as a feather. A change is as good as a rest.

No article is used in these phrases if the noun is uncountable:

In (with) surprise, in (with) anger, in fury.

It was as black as night. She was as white as snow. It was as green as grass. It was as soft as butter.

The Use of Articles in and with Of-phrases

Depending on the context or situation the of-phrase may be either, or to the head-noun.

1. The definite article is used with the head-noun if this head-noun denotes part of the whole, expressed by the of-phrase.

the top of a/the hill, the bottom of a/the lake, the end/beginning of a/the story,

the figure (profile, shadow, face) of a/the man, the roof of a/the house,

the middle (depth, width) of a/the river

If the noun in the of-phrase is used in a general sense (in the plural mostly) it takes no article. The head-noun may take either article. The definite article is used according to the situation, the indefinite one expresses oneness.

3. If the noun in the of-phrase is a material or an abstract one, no article is used with it, and the head-noun may be used either with the indefinite or with the definite article.

The Use of Articles with Some Set-phrases and Free

• from head to foot, from top to toe,

from top to bottom, from beginning to end.

We find no article in set-phrases with the same noun connected by

hand in hand, arm in arm, shoulder to shoulder, word for word, side by side, face to face, step by step, line by line.

from tree to tree, from street to street, from word to word, from day to day.

The number of nouns thus used is practically unlimited.

There is generally no article with homogeneous parts of a sentence going in pairs:

• horse and rider, husband and wife, lock and key, mother and child.

A considerable number of nouns have no article when they are used in adverbial prepositional phrases:

by tube, by train, by plane, by boat, by bus, by air (sea), by post, by accident, by chance, by mistake, at hand, off hand, in person, on deck, on foot, on tip toes, at sea, on hand, on leave, on business, on holiday.

The adjective is a part of speech which modifies the noun. Adjectives can express (large, modern, quiet), physical and emotional states (cold, busy, friendly, happy), (American, Asian), (excel-

Names of meals are used without articles.

e.g. Lunch is from 11 till 1.30.

During dinner Andrew spoke to Mrs Smith.

2. The definite article is used when these nouns designate food or a social gathering.

e.g. The dinner was excellent.

The dinner was a success.

3. The indefinite article is used when there is a descriptive attribute.

e.g. You can get a good supper here.

We must organize a little dinner to celebrate the event.

4. The noun work is never used with the indefinite article.

It was hard (new, interesting) work.

Articles with names of meals

1. Names of meals (breakfast, lunch, luncheon, dinner, supper, tea, high/meat tea) are generally used without any article:

Dinner that evening was not a success.

At breakfast next morning Christine behaved as though the whole episode were forgotten.

He had lunch at his club.

2. The definite or the indefinite article is used when a special meal is meant.

We find the definite article when names of meals are modified by a limiting attribute or limitation is clear from the context or the situation:

During the awkward lunch yesterday Jarvis Fortescue was grave and abstracted.

» Do you remember the breakfast in the park? » Susan asked.

3. The indefinite article is used when names of meals are modified by descriptive attributes:

I knew few of the guests and my heart sank as I saw myself laborously making conversation through a long dinner with two total strangers.

» We met at a dinner at the Snows’, » Mrs. Low said.

4. The articles are also used when names of meals denote the food that is eaten. The rules for the use of articles are the same as given above:

The dinner was well-cooked and nourishing.

The lunch we ate at the hotel dining-room was quite decent.

Sometimes they were asked to parties on Sunday, dinner at midday or a cold, sumptuous supper.

He gave me a good breakfast.

Hope is a good breakfast, but a bad supper.

» Your companion has already paid for two lunches, sir, » said the waiter.

In this hotel you pay for a room and a breakfast.

Rule 6. The ways of translating » ещё»

The Russian » ещё» is translated into English differently.

1. It means some additional quantity:

а) with singular countable nouns — another (ещё один) is used.

e.g. Another complaint is that shops don’t have many clothes for small women.

Could I have another cup of tea?

b) with plural countable nouns after a numeral or some the word more is used.

e.g. Show us three more models.

Give us some more eggs.

c) with uncountable nouns some more is used.

e.g. Let me give you some more coffee.

2. In special questions:

a) in the structure What+other+a noun it’s translated какой ещё.

e.g. What other poem by Byron do you remember?

b) after other interrogative and indefinite pronouns else is used.

e.g. Who else is there to do it?

I mean something else.

He has nothing else left to believe in.

3. In negative sentences.yet is used.

e.g. He isn’t here yet.

4. To show that the action is going on or the subject continues being in the same state still is used (Russian всё ещё).

e.g. It’s still raining. He’s still angry.

Note: Yet is occasionally used in affirmative sentences (with a similar meaning to still) in a formal style.

1. The Present Continuous Tense (rule 2) – table № 1 p. 154, Spelling rules learn by heart p. 155, ex. II, III p. 156, ex. XII p. 166, ex. 77 p. 481, ex. 81 p.482, ex. 87, 88 p. 484 (in written form).

2. Indirect speech (rule 3, 4) – ex. VI p. 156 (in written form).

3. The use of articles with the names of meals (rule 5) – ex. 78 p. 481, ex. 89, 90p. 484-485 (in written form).

Повторение изученного ранее грамматического материала

1. Reading rules – ex. I p. 163 (in written form).

2. Types of questions – ex. XIV (a, b) p. 166-167, ex. 80 p. 482 (in written form).

3. Numerals – ex. XV p. 167 (in written form).

4. Prepositions – ex. XVII p. 168 (in written form).

4. Personal Pronouns – ex. 79 p.481 (in written form).

5. Adjectives – ex. 83, 84 p. 483, ex. 95 p. 486 (in written form).

6. Adverbs – ex. 96 p. 487 (in written form).

7. The construction there is – ex. 93 p. 486 (in written form).

Все новые слова в грамматическом материале и упражнениях уметь читать, писать и знать перевод.

Контрольная работа выполняется студентом и отсылается на электронную почту преподавателя.

1. Ann is helping her mother.

2. She doesn’t like pudding.

3. He usually has lunch in the canteen.

2. Open the brackets using the necessary tense:

1. What you (to write)? − I (to write) a composition.

2.And we always (to do) it in class.

3. Where is Mum? − She (to cook) dinner in the kitchen.

4. She always (to cook) dinner at this time.

5. Boris (to leave) Moscow in a week.

6. Look at Nina. She always (to talk) at the lessons.

7.You (to see) anything?

3. Give short answers corresponding to the Russian expression:

“И я тоже”

1. I am hungry. –

2. We have dinner at 1 o’clock. –

3. Mary is cleaning the table. –

4. My little sister cannot swim. –

5. He doesn’t know French. −

4. Use the Indirect Speech:

1. We ask: » Stop talking»

2. The teacher says: » Don’t look into your textbooks».

3. I ask: » Does Alan take part in our discussions? «

4. She asks: » How do you like your tea, Mrs White? «

5. She says: » Have some fruit, John.»

6. She says: » Ann, will you pass me the mustard, please.»

5. Translate into English:

1. Моя сестра обедает.

2. Когда вы обедаете?

3. Мама не любит горчицу.

4. Как насчёт салата?

5. Что ты собираешься брать на второе?

6. Ты понимаешь о чём я говорю?

7. Когда ты уезжаешь в Минск?

8. Помоги мне накрыть стол.

9. Угощайтесь фруктами. Возьмите ещё яблоко. − Нет спасибо.

10. Садитесь за стол.

11. Не может быть и речи, о прогулке. Идёт дождь.

12. Уже 11 часов. − Да что ты говоришь! − Уже пора идти в институт. Боюсь, мы опаздываем.

13. Я еду домой в субботу.

14. Я не люблю ни яблок, ни апельсинов.

Дополнительный материал по грамматике

Articles with the Nouns school, college, prison, jail, church, hospital

These nouns
are used without any article when the general idea of these places is
meant, i.e. the purpose they are used for. Thus we say A
child goes to
school;
A
student goes to
university / college;
A criminal goes to
prison,
etc.:

Why
aren’t the children at
school
today? (as pupils)

Mrs.
Kelly goes to
church
every Sunday (for a religious service).

Ken’s
brother is in
prison
for robbing (he is a prisoner).

Two
people were injured in the accident and were taken to
hospital
(as patients).

But:
Mr.
Kelly went to
the school
to meet his daughter’s teacher.

Excuse
me, where’s the
church
to repair the roof.

Ken went
to
the prison
to visit his brother.

Nora is
now working as a cleaner at
a hospital.

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Артикли с названиями еды

Предлагаем ясный алгоритм принятия решения о том, какой артикль надо ставить перед названиями приемов пищи, блюд или продуктов питания, и нужен ли артикль вообще. Во-первых, посмотрите, присутствует ли при дополняющее его определение. Чтобы лучше это понять – два примера, с определением и без оного:

Пример 1: One night we had dinner at Humina, a rustic place where we could sample a true Lapland specialty (Раз вечером мы поужинали в сельском заведении «Humina», там мы получили возможность лучше познакомиться с лапландской экзотикой.
Пример 2: After the grueling four-hour-plus play, a few of us who had met in line went to Joe Allen for a late dinner (После того, как мы прождали битых четыре часа, я и еще несколько человек, с которыми мы познакомились в очереди, попали к Джо Аллену на поздний ужин.

Если речь идет о приемах пищи, то чаще всего вы столкнетесь с четырьмя словами: «meal» (прием пищи, – ред.), «breakfast», «dinner», «lunch» (существительные для обозначения приема пищи в конкретное время, – ред.). «Meal» не в пример чаще встречается в предложениях на английском языке, чем «прием пищи в русском» – в английском оно более разговорное и бытовое.

Кроме «завтрака», «обеда» и «ужина» есть ряд других существительных (например «snack» – перекус, – ред.), которые относятся к интересующему нас типу, но в отношении постановки артиклей к ним действуют те же принципы, что и с основными словами, называющими приемы пищи. Посмотрели, есть или нет определений? Идем дальше.

Шаг второй. Нулевой артикль, «a» или «the»?

Если вы имеете дело с «голым» – то есть не имеющим при себе определений существительным, обозначающим прием пищи, то в большинстве случаев никакой артикль не нужен (ставим нулевой артикль, – ред.).

Пример: Wash your hands, everyone. Dinner is ready (Все помыли руки? Ужин готов. – ред.).

Когда за счет определений и других средств, происходит уникализация или индивидуализация какого-то одного обеда или ужина, то ставим определенный артикль «the».

Пример 1: But one thing Ms. Smoot will definitely be doing, White House officials said, is making sure that staff members from her office will be present at checkpoints to verify the guest list, a safeguard that did not occur the Indian dinner and led to criticism of Mr. Rogers (Но одну вещь мисс Смут точно обеспечила, чиновникам Уайт-Хауса было отдано распоряжение, чтобы на каждом пункте пропуска присутствовало по сотруднику, чтобы проверять пришедших по списку гостей, а также охрану, не появившуюся на индийском ужине и вызвавшую критику от мистера Роджерса, – ред.).
Пример 2: The delicious full hot breakfast, complete with cafe lattes, was served in our room (Вкуснейший, только что приготовленный и горячий завтрак, увенчанный чашечкой кофе латте, подали в нашу комнату.

Запомнить этот случай использования определенного артикля «the» не так уж сложно, приглядитесь, просто-напросто это производная от общей функции данного артикля – выделять один конкретный предмет из многих подобных.

С другой стороны, индивидуализация, о которой мы говорили, может приобретать очень разнообразные формы и важно суметь разглядеть их. Например, артикль «the» следует употреблять, когда словом для приема пищи скорее обозначают некое мероприятие или вечеринку.

Пример: Some toasts accompanied the dinner (В ходе ужина прозвучало несколько тостов, – ред.).

Многие в английском языке, артикли – не исключения, служат для выражения отношения говорящего к предмету. Логично, что уникальность и индивидуальность завтраку, обеду или чайной вечеринке (tea-party, – ред.) может придаваться не только прилагательными, но и контекстом: что говорящий сказал до того, как вообще относится к происходящему. Стоит привести в связи с эти даже такой факт: «Тайная вечеря» по-английски называется «The Last supper». А вот еще пара примеров того, как уникальность событию придает подоплека происходящего.

Пример 1: At the last dinner, five years ago, a rabbit was caught in a cage, she remembers that dinner (Перед тем последним ужином они поймали в клетку кролика, он помнил тот ужин. – ред.).
Пример 2: He was eating greedily the breakfast his wife had given him (Он с жадностью ел завтрак, который жена принесла ему, – ред.).

Иногда перед названием приема пищи можно встретить и неопределенный артикль «a».

Пример: He ordered a light, testy lunch (Он заказал легкий, вкусный обед, – ред.).

Как вы уже заметили, определения могут сопровождать и случаи употребления «a» и ситуации, когда следует поставить «the». Как же провести черту и не путать одно с другим? Неопределенный

артикль «a» перед именами, называющими приемы пищи, ставят, во-первых, когда собеседники еще не поняли, как классифицировать «breakfast» или «dinner», а может быть, это не важно, а во-вторых, для перечислительной функции.

Ясно, что в такой роли предложение с артиклем «a» просто сообщает дополнительными определениями больше информации об «ужине» или «завтраке», он не становится от этого уникальным или индивидуальным. Однако если интонация у предложения приподнятая – то есть, эмоционально оно выделяет предмет речи, то это признак необходимости определенного артикля.

Пример: A stranger drove him to a day centre where staff gave him a hot meal and a change of clothes, and allowed him to wash (Прохожий привел его в приют, где его сотрудники накормили его горячим, новой одеждой и предоставили возможность вымыться, – ред.).

Как видно на этом примере, когда мы ставим артикль «a» никакого эффекта уникальности события не создается. Добавим, что неопределенный артикль «a» обычно употребляется с названиями приемов пищи, когда подразумевается некая порция еды, за которую можно заплатить и унести с собой.

Пример: He wheedled a few franks out of me for a dinner and a bed (Он вытянул из меня несколько франков за ужин и ночлег, – ред.).

О постановке артиклей в тех или иных случаях спорят даже сами носители между собой, а все оттого, что большую роль здесь играет субъективное восприятие говорящим того, что он говорит. Вполне возможна фраза «I give him the lunch». Она вроде бы нарушает правило, согласно которому если существительное, обозначающее прием пищи, не определяется прилагательными или другими деталями.

Контекст тоже не помощник, ведь он может отсутствовать как вид. Человек мог ничего не сказать кроме: «I gave him the lunch». Правда в том, что правило нарушено и не нарушено в одно и то же время. Говорящий захотел подчеркнуть слово «lunch», считайте, что все определения и восклицания он сказал этим «the». Напомним, «a» собеседники могут присовокуплять к названиям приемов пищи, если еще не понимают, как относиться к тому, о чем они говорят.

Артикли с названиями продуктов: тесто, гамбургер, фрукты и рыба

Тесто по-английски – «dough». Любые жидкости, вещества, смешанные продукты являются неисчисляемыми, потому существительные, служащие для их обозначения за редким исключением не принимают перед собой артикля. Не может быть два теста, три теста. Зато может быть, например, a pan of dough» (кастрюля теста, – ред.). Со словами «fish» и «fruit».

(Больше информации о правилах использования артиклей с вещественными существительными можно получить , – ред.)

Будет или нет артикль, зависит от того, в каком значении используется слова. Слово «fruit» используется для обозначения фруктов как вида пищи, причем именно так, в единственном числе. В таком качестве слово неисчисляемое и в этом смысле перед ним не может быть ни определенного, ни неопределенного артикля. Однако наряду с этим, есть значение «fruit» – один какой-нибудь вид фруктов. О видах фруктов можно говорить во множественном числе. Следовательно, возможно и такое предложение:

Пример: The Kurds are reaping the fruits (Курды собирают урожай фруктов, – ред.).

Увы, это еще не все, как в русском языке у соответствующего слова есть переносное значение, как в словосочетании «плоды усилий», так и слово «fruits» может применяться в контекстах, далеких от грядки и прополки.

Пример: These are the fruits of my labour (Все это плоды моего труда, – ред.).

Похожим образом обстоят дела с двумя другими словами «fish» и «hamburger». Если автор, предположим, хочет назвать словом «hamburger» не обычный «гамбургер» в привычном понимании, а специализированный вид мяса, говядины, в английском тоже называемый «hamburger», то он не поставит артикль перед словом, так как, понятно, что мясо – неисчисляемое существительное (Читайте об артиклях перед именами собственными , – ред.).